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Objective To develop a novel gold immunochromatographic double antibody sandwich assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen, and to evaluate the performance of major reagents. Methods Potassium carbonate, large colloidal gold and SARS-CoV-2 antibody were used to prepare colloidal gold antibody markers, SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentration was optimized to prepare the binding pad, SARS-CoV-2 antibody and goat anti-mouse IgG were coated on nitrocellulose membrane as detection line and quality control line, according to the process requirements to assembly the assay. The minimum detection limit, cross-reactivity, accelerated stability test and clinical evaluation of the antigen detection reagent were determined. Results The minimum detection limit of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated virus was 3. 3×10~2 TCID50/ml, and no cross-reaction was found in the samples containing 10 common pathogens. The results of 37 °C high temperature accelerated test for 28 d showed high stability of the reagent. The sensitivity, specificity and total coincidence rate were 92. 00%, 100. 00% and 98. 67% and the Kappa value of concordance test was 0. 939, P＜0. 01. Conclusion The developed antigen detection assay has high sensitivity and specificity, which is also simple to operate in a short time. It can be used as a rapid detection method for large-scale screening of novel coronavirus.
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We aimed to assess whether the effect of high temperature on mortality differed in COVID-19 survivors and naive. We used data from the summer mortality and COVID-19 surveillances. We found 3.8 % excess risk in 2022 summer, compared to 2015-2019, while 20 % in the last fortnight of July, the period with the highest temperature. The increase in mortality rates during the second fortnight of July was higher among naïve compared to COVID-19 survivors. The time series analysis confirmed the association between temperatures and mortality in naïve people, showing an 8 % excess (95%CI 2 to 13) for a one-degree increase of Thom Discomfort Index while in COVID-19 survivors the effect was almost null with -1 % (95%CI -9 to 9). Our results suggest that the high fatality rate of COVID-19 in fragile people has decreased the proportion of susceptible people who can be affected by the extremely high temperature.
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COVID-19 , Humans , Temperature , Cohort Studies , Hot Temperature , Italy , MortalityABSTRACT
Quarantine is one of the effective approaches to control the spread of COVID-19. However, prolonged isolation may harm the health of residents, especially students, who are quarantined in dormitories. This study surveyed students' behaviors, living environment, and psychological state through an online questionnaire. The results showed that during the isolation period, the participants' discomfort mainly came from high temperatures, high humidity, loud sounds, and dark lighting. Moreover, about half of the students experienced severe anxiety or depression, with poor sleep and an unclear mind being the most common problems. Additionally, this study focused on exploring the correlations between environmental perceptions and the psychological state of isolated students, that were identified to be significant. Furthermore, as isolation time was prolonged, the psychological state of isolated students worsened, and the most significant factor changed from thermal sensations to acoustic sensations. Interestingly, the psychological state of males was worse than females, and they were more easily affected by their thermal and acoustic environments. Therefore, keeping the environment comfortable has a positive influence on maintaining the good psychological condition of people in isolation. This study can provide suggestions for the improvement of indoor environments and for the mental health of people in isolation and in other similar situations.
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In many bacteria, the High Temperature requirement A (HtrA) protein functions as a chaperone and protease. HtrA is an important factor in stress tolerance and plays a significant role in the virulence of several pathogenic bacteria. Camostat, gabexate and nafamostat mesylates are serine protease inhibitors and have recently shown a great impact in the inhibition studies of SARS-CoV2. In this study, the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes HtrA (LmHtrA) protease activity was analysed using these three inhibitors. The cleavage assay, using human fibrinogen and casein as substrates, revealed that the three inhibitors effectively inhibit the protease activity of LmHtrA. The agar plate assay and spectrophotometric analysis concluded that the inhibition of nafamostat (IC50 value of 6.6 ± 0.4 µM) is more effective compared to the other two inhibitors. Previous studies revealed that at the active site of the protease, these inhibitors are hydrolysed and one of the hydrolysates is covalently bound to the active site serine. To understand the mode of binding of these inhibitors at the active site of LmHtrA, docking of the inhibitors followed by molecular dynamics simulations were carried out. Analysis of the LmHtrA-inhibitor complex structures revealed that the covalently bound inhibitor is unable to occupy the S1 pocket of the LmHtrA which is in contrast to the previously determined camostat and nafamostat complex structures. This observation provides the first glimpse of the substrate specificity of LmHtrA which is not known. The obtained results also suggest that the development of novel inhibitors of LmHtrA and its homologs with active site architecture similar to LmHtrA can be pursued with suitable modification of these inhibitors. To date, only a very few studies have been carried out on identifying the inhibitors of HtrA proteolytic activity.
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Background and purpose: Violet is a plant that has received interest in complementary medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antimicrobial effects. Fever is one of the major symptoms of COVID-19. This study was conducted to determine the effect of violet extract in the form of syrup on fever in patients with COVID-19. Material(s) and Method(s): In this randomized clinical trial, 52 patients with COVID-19 were studied in Intensive Care Unit in Amol Imam Khomeini Hospital (2021). In intervention group in addition to an injection of acetaminophen, 5 cc of violet extract syrup prepared from the aqueous extract of the plant was taken. The temperature was recorded after 30 and 60 minutes and four hours. The follow-up of the patients continued for three days and the temperature was recorded every six hours. Result(s): There was a significant difference between the intervention group (36.84+/-0.37) and control group (37.13+/-0.62) in mean temperature at second time in second day of follow-up (P=0.04). Also, the mean temperature was found to be significantly different between the two groups at 30 (P=0.001) and 60 minutes (P=0.05) after the intervention. At other groups, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups. Conclusion(s): The aqueous extract of violet plant in the form of syrup reduces fever in patients with COVID-19 causing no complication. Due to the ease of access to this herbal product, it can be used to prevent problems caused by fever.Copyright © 2023, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Bachground: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which started on February 26, 2020 in city of karachi, spread quickly throughout Pakistan. Material(s) and Method(s): The design of this study was a observational study design and this study was conducted at king Edward medical University Lahore. More than 6,200 persons were afflicted by the illness in the first seven weeks, and there were more than 111 documented fatalities. Many problems arise if we contrast the COVID-19 tragedies in Pakistan with those in nations like China, Iran, and the European Union. The geography of the nation, poverty, poor literacy rates, environmental circumstances, sanitary conditions, and dietary habits are only a few of the difficulties we face in containing this epidemic. Although there are terrible circumstances in each of these areas, Pakistan's COVID-19 epidemic was slower than that of other developing nations. Result(s): The impact of COVID-19 appears to be lessened by Pakistan's humid hot temperature, early reaction to COVID-19, population immune system, BCG vaccination, and the proportion of young individuals. In this essay, we explore the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in China, Iran, and Pakistan and present its day-to-day changes. We outline the COVID-19 structure and how it compares to SARS-COV and SARS-COV2. The use of Remdesivir (an adenosine analogue used against RNA viruses), Chloroquine (a widely used anti-malarial drug), convalescent plasma, neutralising antibodies targeting the ACE-2 receptor, and an ACE-2-like molecule that might bind to the S protein of the coronavirus are also covered in terms of treatment options and their drawbacks. Also covered are the effects of COVID-19 on Pakistan's economy and government relief measures. Conclusion(s): In conclusion, it may be said that the support systems in place may not be sufficient to stop the spread of the virus. Even with the meagre assistance offered, it is weaker for rural places where the virus's effects may be severe than in the nation's cities. Further research is required as the epidemic develops to better understand governmental efforts to contain the virus and its effects across the nation.Copyright © 2023 Lahore Medical And Dental College. All rights reserved.
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SARS-CoV-2 can naturally grow and spread from bats or rodents. There are different ways to protect oneself from such viruses. Firstly, a thorough diagnosis by different methods of testing, isolating the infected, and phased interaction with people are advanced, societal-level mitigative efforts that could be implemented. Another method of protection is to eat healthy food. Spices contain flavonoids, acetaminophen, and pseudoephedrine;these ingredients are natural and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and cause no harm. Meat that is mildly spiced, and eggs are also good to boost the immune system. Thirdly, herd immunity is a way to protect people from the virus. Around 50,000 infections in a 250-mile radius could help to develop herd immunity, but this is only a prediction. One should visit his physician if he has a high temperature or cough. SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is a new viral strain containing genetic sequences from HIV and malaria in addition to the SARS virus. COVID-19 also targets the ACE2 receptor, which is present in the lungs, heart, and kidneys. Remdesivir seems to be lowering the viral growth in some clinical studies, and in some conditions, it is still understudied and ineffective to eradicate the virus. Recent reports predicted that around 15 COVID-19 mutants have arisen in the last 5 months. The new mutants could be more active or less active, or even drug-resistant. And lastly, new vaccines or drugs must be discovered or invented in BSL3 labs. COVID-19 can be overcome by following mitigation, prophylaxis, and treatment.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
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PurposeIn the present article, the authors have conducted a review on some of the recent developments given in the literature pertaining to the passive protection of concrete structures using intumescent coatings. Here, the main thrust is placed on the spalling phenomenon of concrete elements when exposed to elevated temperatures and fires.Design/methodology/approachIn this context, it has been long established that prolonged thermal insult on concrete members will lead to egress of water, both physically bound as well as those present as water of hydration within the concrete matrix, in the form of steam through microchannels and associated pathways of least resistance, often resulting in the flaking of the surface of the structure. The latter process can ultimately lead to the exposure of the ferrous-based reenforcement elements, for instance, to higher temperatures, thus inducing melting. This, in turn, can result in substantial loss of strength and load-bearing capacity of the structural element that is already undergoing disintegration of its base matrix owing to heat/fire. Even though spalling of concrete structures has long been recognized as a serious problem that can often lead to catastrophic failure of infrastructures, such as buildings, bridges and tunnels, the utility of intumescent coating as a mitigation strategy is relatively new and has not been explored to its fullest possible extent. Therefore, in the latter parts of the review, the authors have endeavored to discuss the different types of intumescent coatings, their modes of actions and, in particular, their wider applicability in terms of protecting concrete elements from detrimental effects of severe or explosive spalling.FindingsGiven that spalling of concrete components is still a very serious issue that can result in loss of lives and destruction of critical infrastructures, there is an urgent need to formulate better mitigating strategies, through novel means and methods. The use of the intumescent coating in this context appears to be a promising way forward but is one that seems to be little explored so far. Therefore, a more systematic investigation is highly warranted in this area, especially, as the authors envisage a greater activity in the building and commissioning of more infrastructures worldwide incommensurate with augmented economic activities during the post-COVID recovery period.Originality/valueThe authors have conducted a review on some of the recent developments given in the literature pertaining to the passive protection of concrete structures using intumescent coatings. The authors have also included the results from some recent tests carried out at the facilities using a newly commissioned state-of-the-art furnace.
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In 2019 a new Syndrome appear on the Large numbers of people like (High temperature, cough, Loss of sense of smell and taste(forcing a lot of them to enter the critical care unit after while the virus how case this syndrome named (SARS-CoV2). The aim of this paper is recognize the patient who effected by covid-19 or not using x-ray images. Deep learning techniques utilized to classify these images by using convolutional neural network (CNN). The dataset have been utilized in this work consist of 1000 x-ray images collected from kaggle website and divided it into 80% for training and 20% for validation. The proposed method using the pertained networks such as (EffienentNet B0, ResNet50) to minimize the training time with high performance, where the EffienentNet B0 network give high accuracy is 98.5%,finaly the model has been implemented on raspberry pi3 successfully for classification task.
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The United States of America (USA) was afflicted by extreme heat in the summer of 2021 and some states experienced a record-hot or top-10 hottest summer. Meanwhile, the United States was also one of the countries impacted most by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Growing numbers of studies have revealed that meteorological factors such as temperature may influence the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. However, the associations between temperature and COVID-19 severity differ in various study areas and periods, especially in periods of high temperatures. Here we choose 119 US counties with large counts of COVID-19 deaths during the summer of 2021 to examine the relationship between COVID-19 deaths and temperature by applying a two-stage epidemiological analytical approach. We also calculate the years of life lost (YLL) owing to COVID-19 and the corresponding values attributable to high temperature exposure. The daily mean temperature is approximately positively correlated with COVID-19 deaths nationwide, with a relative risk of 1.108 (95% confidence interval: 1.046, 1.173) in the 90th percentile of the mean temperature distribution compared with the median temperature. In addition, 0.02 YLL per COVID-19 death attributable to high temperature are estimated at the national level, and distinct spatial variability from -0.10 to 0.08 years is observed in different states. Our results provide new evidence on the relationship between high temperature and COVID-19 deaths, which might help us to understand the underlying modulation of the COVID-19 pandemic by meteorological variables and to develop epidemic policy response strategies.
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Background and purpose: Violet is a plant that has received interest in complementary medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antimicrobial effects. Fever is one of the major symptoms of COVID-19. This study was conducted to determine the effect of violet extract in the form of syrup on fever in patients with COVID-19. Materials and methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 52 patients with COVID-19 were studied in Intensive Care Unit in Amol Imam Khomeini Hospital (2021). In intervention group in addition to an injection of acetaminophen, 5 cc of violet extract syrup prepared from the aqueous extract of the plant was taken. The temperature was recorded after 30 and 60 minutes and four hours. The follow-up of the patients continued for three days and the temperature was recorded every six hours. Results: There was a significant difference between the intervention group (36.84±0.37) and control group (37.13±0.62) in mean temperature at second time in second day of follow-up (P=0.04). Also, the mean temperature was found to be significantly different between the two groups at 30 (P=0.001) and 60 minutes (P=0.05) after the intervention. At other groups, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of violet plant in the form of syrup reduces fever in patients with COVID-19 causing no complication. Due to the ease of access to this herbal product, it can be used to prevent problems caused by fever. © 2023, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Background and purpose: Violet is a plant that has received interest in complementary medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antimicrobial effects. Fever is one of the major symptoms of COVID-19. This study was conducted to determine the effect of violet extract in the form of syrup on fever in patients with COVID-19. Material(s) and Method(s): In this randomized clinical trial, 52 patients with COVID-19 were studied in Intensive Care Unit in Amol Imam Khomeini Hospital (2021). In intervention group in addition to an injection of acetaminophen, 5 cc of violet extract syrup prepared from the aqueous extract of the plant was taken. The temperature was recorded after 30 and 60 minutes and four hours. The follow-up of the patients continued for three days and the temperature was recorded every six hours. Result(s): There was a significant difference between the intervention group (36.84+/-0.37) and control group (37.13+/-0.62) in mean temperature at second time in second day of follow-up (P=0.04). Also, the mean temperature was found to be significantly different between the two groups at 30 (P=0.001) and 60 minutes (P=0.05) after the intervention. At other groups, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups. Conclusion(s): The aqueous extract of violet plant in the form of syrup reduces fever in patients with COVID-19 causing no complication. Due to the ease of access to this herbal product, it can be used to prevent problems caused by fever. Copyright © 2023, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
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The spatiotemporal variability of vegetation fires is essential for understanding changes in the climate and ecosystem in mountainous regions. MODIS Collection 6 active fire products indicate that the area burned by vegetation fires declined globally from over 4.27 million km2 to less than 3.52 million km2 annually during 2001–2021. In contrast, global high mountains higher than 3000 m have experienced an overall increase in their burned area and suffered record‐breaking wildfires from August to December 2020. Although high mountains accounted for less than 0.03% of the global burned area during 2001–2021, this proportion had more than tripled by 2020. This unprecedented wildfire record in 2020 could be mainly caused by favorable fire weather conditions such as low relative humidity, low soil water and high temperature.
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In the context of the global pandemic of COVID-19, the use and disposal of medical masks have created a series of ethical and environmental issues. The purpose of this paper is to study and evaluate the high temperature properties and thermal storage stability of discarded-mask (DM)-modified asphalt from a multi-scale perspective using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and experimental methods. A series of tests was conducted to evaluate the physical, rheological, thermal storage stability and microscopic properties of the samples. These tests include softening point, rotational viscosity, dynamic shear rheology (DSR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. The results showed that the DM modifier could improve the softening point, rotational viscosity and rutting factor of the asphalt. After thermal storage, the DM-modified asphalt produced segregation. The difference in the softening point between the top and bottom of the sample increased from 2.2 °C to 17.1 °C when the DM modifier admixture was increased from 1% to 4%. FT-IR test results showed that the main component of the DM modifier was polypropylene, and the DM-modified asphalt was mainly a physical co-blending process. MD simulation results show that the DM modifier can increase the cohesive energy density (CED) and reduce the fractional free volume (FFV) of asphalt and reduce the binding energy between base asphalt and DM modifier. Multi-scale characterization reveals that DM modifiers can improve the high temperature performance and reduce the thermal storage stability of asphalt. It is noteworthy that both macroscopic tests and microscopic simulations show that 1% is an acceptable dosage level.
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Olive leaves (OLs) are well known for being rich in oleuropein, their main bioactive molecule which has recently been attracting great interest from the scientific community due to its antiviral properties, including Covid-19 disease. Furthermore, the high-temperature/ short-time drying process has found applications for various plants and food processing, which might be also implemented for the drying of OLs. This study focuses on: 1. the mathematical modeling of thin-layer high-temperature-drying (HTD) kinetic of olive (var. Chemlal and Oleaster) leaves, and 2. the determination of HTD effect on some physicochemical properties (oleuropein, chlorophylls, and CIELab color parameters) of the dried olive leaves (DOLs). For this, four drying temperatures (100, 120, 140, and 160 degrees C) were applied. For comparison purposes, low-temperature DOL samples were also prepared. The obtained data have shown that among the tens tested mathematical models, the Midilli et al. model describes more correctly experimental data for all drying temperatures and for both olive leaf varieties (R-2 = 0.9960, SEE = 0.0085, RMSE = 0.0165 and chi(2) = 0.0006). Moreover, the results show that the HTD at 120 and 160 degrees C does not differ from freeze-drying in terms of oleuropein retention (p < 0.05), highlighting the technological interest in the high-temperature/short-time drying process. Considering the biological value of oleuropein, in particular its antiviral activity, the study deserves further investigation in order to elucidate certain questions such as the storability of DOLs, and their valorization as fortification ingredient in food and pharmaceutical formulations, evaluation in vitro of their biological activities, etc.
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Aims Introduction WHO designated the variant B.1.1.529, also known as Omicron, as a variant of concern in November 2021. Preliminary evidence suggests this particular variant to be highly infectious although the disease severity is relatively less as compared to Delta variant. We collated data for infants under 3 months of age who were admitted in Paediatric Assessment Unit (PAU) and tested positive for Omicron. We debate if there is a rationale of carrying out lumber puncture in such neonates especially considering this variant has been observed to be associated with milder disease. Aim The primary aim of our study was to study the clinical characteristics of < 3-month old babies admitted in PAU. The secondary aim of our retrospective review was to assess the need (and timing) of lumber puncture in this cohort. Methods We retrospectively collected data on infants under 3- months of age who were admitted in PAU from November 2021 to January 2022 and had confirmed RT-PCR test for Omicron variant of SARS CoV2. Two independent observers went through the discharge summaries to note down clinical characteristics (signs and symptoms of presentation, investigations carried out, management plan and final outcome) of these infants. We used our hospital test reporting system to confirm biochemical investigation results. Results Table 1 sums up the clinical characteristics of the 7 infants (up to 3-month of age) who were admitted to PAU (November 2021 to January 2022) and tested positive for Omicron variant: 1308 Table 1 Clinical characteristics of Omicron positive neonates Abbreviation: cef- Cefotaxime, Amx: Amoxicillin, Neg, Negative Conclusion Summary Clinical characteristics of neonates admitted to PAU who tested positive for Omicron variant were variable and included high temperature (4 out of 7), reduced feeds (3 out of 7), mottled appearance (2 out of 7) and jaundice. Majority of these neonates received broad spectrum antibiotics for first 48-hours and they remained well since admission. The CRP in majority (5 out of 7) of these neonates was within normal range. All 7 neonates were discharged home with none requiring escalation of care. Conclusion Our retrospective observational study data suggests Omicron variant being associated with milder disease severity although it is a small single centre study with limited sample size.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Covid-19infection is an ongoing pandemic with high morbidity and mortality, spread from one infected personto another through respiratory airway droplets.Covid-19circulatesin many organs, including the heart, kidneys, brain, etc.Ocular symptoms, along with other symptoms, may help diagnose COVID-19. Covid-19 ocular signs of dry eyes, weeping, itching, redness, eye discomfort, foreign body feeling, elevated CRP, Procalcitonin (PCT), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels, indicating an immunologic response and disease severity. There was a positive correlation between high temperature and visual symptoms.
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During the COVID-19 lockdown, the dramatic reduction of anthropogenic emissions provided a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of reduced anthropogenic activity and primary emissions on atmospheric chemical processes and the consequent formation of secondary pollutants. Here, we utilize comprehensive observations to examine the response of atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) to the changes in the atmospheric chemical cocktail. We find that the main clustering process was unaffected by the drastically reduced traffic emissions, and the formation rate of 1.5 nm particles remained unaltered. However, particle survival probability was enhanced due to an increased particle growth rate (GR) during the lockdown period, explaining the enhanced NPF activity in earlier studies. For GR at 1.5–3 nm, sulfuric acid (SA) was the main contributor at high temperatures, whilst there were unaccounted contributing vapors at low temperatures. For GR at 3–7 and 7–15 nm, oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) played a major role. Surprisingly, OOM composition and volatility were insensitive to the large change of atmospheric NOx concentration;instead the associated high particle growth rates and high OOM concentration during the lockdown period were mostly caused by the enhanced atmospheric oxidative capacity. Overall, our findings suggest a limited role of traffic emissions in NPF.
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This study aims to present an overview of the impact of COVID-19 on urban heat challenges. First, this study developed a framework for understanding the linkages between COVID-19 and urban heat challenges. In particular, the framework considered COVID-19 pandemic in aspects of anti-pandemic measures (restriction, protection, individual consciousness) and anti-pandemic periods (lockdown and normalization), and analyzed urban heat challenges in aspects hazards, mitigation, and adaptation and hazards. Built upon this, this study collected the evidence of the impact of the COVID-19 on urban heat challenges in air quality, energy, economy, heat illnesses, and adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study will allow government authorities and experts in various fields to recognize the increasing vulnerability of entire cities to high temperatures as a result of current anti-epidemic strategies. Meanwhile, it provides a reference to the development of a robust, effective, and stable system for addressing urban heat challenges during public health events.
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Decarbonization of the aviation sector is crucial to reaching the global climate targets. We quantified the environmental impacts of Power-to-Liquid kerosene produced via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis from electricity and carbon dioxide from air as one broadly discussed alternative liquid jet fuel. We applied a life-cycle assessment considering a well-to-wake boundary for five impact categories including climate change and two inventory indicators. Three different electricity production mixes and four different kerosene production pathways in Germany were analyzed, including two Direct Air Capture technologies, and compared to fossil jet fuel. The environmental impacts of Power-to-Liquid kerosene varied significantly across the production pathways. E.g., when electricity from wind power was used, the reduction in CO2-eq. compared to fossil jet fuel varied between 27.6–46.2% (with non-CO2 effects) and between 52.6–88.9% (without non-CO2 effects). The reduction potential regarding CO2-eq. of the layout using low-temperature electrolysis and high-temperature Direct Air Capture was lower compared to the high-temperature electrolysis and low-temperature Direct Air Capture. Overall, the layout causing the lowest environmental impacts uses high-temperature electrolysis, low-temperature Direct Air Capture and electricity from wind power. This paper showed that PtL-kerosene produced with renewable energy could play an important role in decarbonizing the aviation sector.